In machine learning, PCA stands for Principal Component Analysis. PCA is used to tackle a known ML problem when a dataset has a large number of features, i.e. high dimensions, also known as the curse of dimensionality. The ML feature engineering engineering techniques available are classified into feature selection and feature extraction techniques. Dimensionality reduction ... Read more
In statistics, a percentile is a term that describes how a score compares to other scores from the same set. While there is no universal definition of percentile, it is commonly expressed as the percentage of values in a set of data scores that fall below a given value, for example the 25th percentile, the ... Read more
PRC stands for precision–recall curve. It is a method of visualizing the tradeoff between precision and recall. Precision and recall are both model performance metrics , aka cost function, for classification systems.
Python is an imperative computer programming language. Python is very versatile and flexible and can accommodate a series of problem solving algorithms in various knowledge domains. One scientific area in which Python excels is Machine Learning and, consequently, Artificial Intelligence. Python code, including libraries of classes and functions, are organized into packages and modules. A ... Read more
QR code QR code (Quick Response code) is a type of two-dimensional (2D) matrix barcode.
The Gaussian RBF (radial basis function) kernel is a kernel trick method that projects a new feature space in higher dimensions by measuring the distance between all data examples and data examples that are defined as centers.
In machine learning, regularization is a method by which the ML model cost/error function is changed, to include an extra variable called the regularization hyperparameter. There are two basic types of regularization: L1-norm (lasso regression) and L2-norm (ridge regression). The lasso regularization uses the L1 norm parameter. The lasso regularized cost function is calculated as ... Read more
The ReLU (rectified linear unit function) function is an ANN activation function which calculates a linear function of the inputs. If the result is positive, it outputs that result. If it is negative, it outputs 0. The mathematical formula for the ReLU function is f (x) = max(0, x). The graph of the ReLU function ... Read more
While AI technologies advance, there are various ethical, legal, security and privacy considerations which must be taken into account. These considerations are commonly referred to as "Responsible AI". Each AI software and hardware vendor classifies responsible AI and AI ethics areas differently. Some example areas which constitute Responsible AI are the following: Explainability and interpretability ... Read more
RMSE is simply the root of the MSE statistical metric. RMSE stands for Root Mean Squared Error. The RMSE is in the same metric scale as the observed parameters, same as the MAE metric. RMSE is a calculation for the standard deviation of residuals. Compared to RMSE, MSE is a calculation of the variance of ... Read more
RNN stands for recurrent neural network and is a type of artificial neural network (ANN) which is a non feed-forward neural network (FNN). This means that an RNN accommodates for information flow from left to right but also from right to left. This is because an RNN typically features one or more memory cells inside ... Read more
The ROC curve is the receiver operating characteristic curve. It is a method of plotting the relationship between estimated hits (true positive rate) versus false alarms (false positive rate) in machine learning classification models.
Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a protocol defined by Microsoft to allow for distributed communication processes running between clients and servers in a network. RPC offloads the networking-related process management and allows developers to focus on application logic development.
SaaS stands for Software As A Service or Security As A Service.
SLAT SLAT (Second Level Address Translation) is also known as nested paging. It is a hardware-assisted virtualization technology which makes it possible to avoid the overhead associated with software-managed shadow page tables. SLAT is implemented by AMD via the Rapid Virtualization Indexing (RVI) technology as well as by Intel via the Extended Page Table (EPT) ... Read more
Software constitutes the set of computer programming code alongside other utility and dependency files and tools which provide a unified application experience to end users and application programming interface (API) consumers. Software can be created in any computer programming language, markup language or scripting language by using one or more algorithms, and can generally be ... Read more
A standard deviation (or σ) is a statistical metric (measure) of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean. It if frequently used in machine learning data preparation and in machine learning model training.
In machine learning, standardization is a feature engineering technique by which the dataset features are re-scaled to achieve zero-mean value (μ=0) and unit standard deviation value (σ=1). Each x value in the dataset gets a corresponding x' standardized value, which is calculated as follows. , where μ is the x variable mean and σ is ... Read more
Stratified cross validation is a data validation technique used when splitting the ML dataset into k subsets, of which k-1 subsets are used as training subsets (folds) and one (1) is used as the test subset (fold). This process is repeated k times. Stratified cross validation uses stratified sampling in the dataset, in order to ... Read more
Strong Authentication (SA) Strong authentication assumes the usage of Multi-factor authentication (MFA) as a baseline, but goes beyond that with other authentication means. Strong authentication employs National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) assurance level-2 or assurance level-3. More details about strong authentication can be found at: https://www.yubico.com/resources/glossary/strong-authentication/.
